formants in speech spectra that determine the perceptions of distinct vowels. In the present study, we analyzed a database of individually spoken English vowel phones to examine the hypothesis that musical intervals arise from the relationships of the. Why these specific intervals in music are preferred, however, is not known. Throughout history and across cultures, humans have created music using pitch intervals that divide octaves into the 12 tones of the chromatic scale. Therefore this chapter concludes that, rather than speech being “special” as ofttimes proclaimed by experimental psychologists it seems that music is truly special. However, the perception of melodic musical intervals appears to be the only example of ideal categorical perception in which discrimination is totally dependent on identification. The perception of musical intervals shares a number of commonalities with the perception of phonemes in speech, most notably categorical-like perception, and an equivalence of spacing, in sensation units, of categories along the respective continua. Based on the results of musical interval adjustment and identification experiments, and on measurements of intonation in performance, the intonation standard for Western music appears to be a version of the equitempered scale that is slightly compressed for small intervals, and stretched for wide intervals, including the octave. Natural intervals are define as intervals that show maximum sensory consonance and harmony, have influenced the evolution of the scales of many musical cultures, but the standards of intonation for a given culture are the learned interval categories of the scales of that culture. It also addresses the perception of the basic unit of melodies and scales, the musical interval. The chapter discusses the possible origins and bases of scales including those aspects of scales that are universal across musical cultures. It moreover bridges the gap to other disciplines such as decision-making and social and affective neuroscience. The collection of papers of this Research Topic provides an overview over our current knowledge in the field and also presents novel stimulating hypotheses on how attention is controlled in the human brain. Findings from a wide range of state-of-the-art complementary neuroscientific methods such as fMRI, M/EEG, TMS, and ALE-based meta-analysis are presented. Moreover, the neural signatures of these mechanisms are investigated in Original Research Articles or summarized in Review, Perspective and Hypothesis and Theory Articles. This Research Topic examines how attentional control is guided by sensory predictions, prior knowledge, reward, task sets, and emotional factors. At the same time, we must remain responsive to salient events outside our current focus of attention-and balancing these two processing modes is a fundamental task our brain constantly needs to solve.
In the complex scenes of everyday life, our brains must select from among many competing inputs for perceptual synthesis- so that only the most relevant are fully processed and irrelevant (distracting) information is suppressed.
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